Bandwidth optimization and hitless transport in dynamic free space optical communications networks

ABSTRACT

A system for optical communications may include a multiplicity of optical communications relay platforms that each move above a surface of the earth. Each relay platform may include a relay link for communications between adjacent relay platforms. The system may also include a plurality of ground stations. Each ground station may be configured to communicate with another of the ground stations through at least one of the relay platforms. Each ground station may include an optical communications link for optical communications with successive relay platforms. The optical link of each ground station may be configured for handover connections between the successive relay platforms as the relay platforms move relative to the earth. The system may additionally include a network operations center having a link controller. The link controller may be configured to control switching of the communications links for hitless transmission between the ground stations.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/968,471, filed Mar. 21, 2014.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and the like,and more particularly to a system and method for bandwidth optimizationand hitless transport in dynamic free space optical communicationnetworks.

BACKGROUND

Optical communications channels or links in optical communicationsnetworks may use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) lambdas orlambda circuits for carrying multiple two-way communicationssimultaneously. Traditionally, WDM lambdas have defined discrete speedssuch as 2.5, 10, 40 and 100 gigabits per second (Gbps). The use of thesediscrete values is due to technology standards and legacy SynchronousOptical Networks (SONET). Accordingly, there is a need to provide anoptical network capable of variable speed lambdas, i.e. lambdas that canbe tuned to arbitrary speeds such as 3, 11, 42, and 103 Gbps, and asolution to control and optimize these variable speed lambdas.

Additionally, free space optical communications (FSOC) links, that maybe used with optical communications networks or may be part of anoptical communications network, are subject to degradation or loss ofcommunications by weather conditions or other events. This can beparticularly challenging in systems such as medium/low earth satellitesand unmanned aerial vehicles where the optical link platforms move withrespect to the surface of the earth. Accordingly there is also a need toprovide a solution for hitless communications in an FSOC environment,i.e., bit or packet loss in the FSOC environment does not perceptiblyimpact end user performance

SUMMARY

In accordance with an embodiment, a system for optical communicationsmay include a multiplicity of optical communications relay platformsthat each move relative to earth and above a surface of the earth. Eachoptical communications relay platform may include a relay link forcommunications between adjacent optical communications relay platforms.The system may also include a plurality of ground stations at differentlocations on the surface of the earth. Each ground station may beconfigured to communicate with another of the ground stations through atleast one of the multiplicity of optical communications relay platforms.Each ground station may include an optical communications link foroptical communications with successive optical communications relayplatforms. The optical communications link of each ground station may beconfigured for handover connections between the successive opticalcommunications relay platforms as the optical communications relayplatforms move relative to the earth. The system may further include anetwork operations center that includes a link controller. The linkcontroller may be configured to control switching of the opticalcommunications links and relay links for hitless transmission ofcommunication during handover between optical communications relayplatforms and ground station link changes.

In accordance with another embodiment, a system for opticalcommunications may include a variable speed lambda network. The variablespeed lambda network may include a provider optical add-drop multiplexer(ADM) and a customer optical ADM. The system may also include aplurality of variable speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)lambdas. The variable speed WDM lambdas provide optical communicationsbetween the provider optical ADM and the customer optical ADM. Thesystem may also include a link controller. The link controller may beconfigured to control functions which may include admission of avariable speed WDM lambda to the variable speed lambda network;modification of a speed of a particular variable speed WDM lambda; andoptimization of bandwidth of the variable speed WDM lambdas.

In accordance with an additional embodiment, a method for admissioncontrol and bandwidth optimization in a variable speed lambda networkmay include receiving, by a processor, a new request from a customer.The new request may include one of a request for a new variable speedWDM lambda or a speed change request for an existing variable speed WDMlambda. The method may also include retrieving, by the processor, anactive topology map of the variable speed lambda network from a databaseand executing a multi-commodity network flow optimization based on theactive topology map of the variable speed lambda network. The method mayadditionally include configuring, by the processor, network elements tosupport the new request in response to the new request being admittedbased on the multi-commodity network flow optimization. The networkelements may include a provider optical ADM, a customer optical ADM andthe plurality of variable WDM lambdas which provide an opticalcommunication link between the provider optical ADM and the customeroptical ADM. The method may additionally include updating, by theprocessor, bandwidth parameters of a link of the network topology graphassociated with the customer. The method may further include notifying,by the processor, the customer that the new request has been granted andprovisioned.

In accordance with a further embodiment, a method for dynamicallychanging free space optical communication links for hitless transmissionmay include polling a ground station for a change in quality of anoptical communications link from the ground station to an opticalcommunications relay platform. The method may also include transmittinga link quality change notification from a ground station to a databasein response to the change in quality of the optical communications link.The method may also include polling at least one external sensorassociated with the ground station for an environmental change andtransmitting an environmental change notification from the at least oneexternal sensor to the database in response to the environmental change.The method may additionally include generating a threshold notificationin response to at least one of the change in quality of the opticalcommunications link exceeding a link quality threshold and theenvironmental change exceeding an environmental change threshold. Themethod may also include transmitting the threshold notification to thedatabase. The method may further include switching at least one of theoptical communications link and a relay link between the opticalcommunications relay platform and a successive optical communicationsrelay platform in response to at least one of the change in quality ofthe communications link, the environmental change and the thresholdnotification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF DRAWINGS

The following detailed description of embodiments refers to theaccompanying drawings, which illustrate specific embodiments of thedisclosure. Other embodiments having different structures and operationsdo not depart from the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block schematic diagram of an example of a variable speedlambda network in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 2 is an example of a method for admission control and bandwidthoptimization in a variable speed lambda network in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of an example of a free spaceoptical communications network including a system for hitlesstransmission in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of an example of an out-of-bandmanagement network that may be associated with the free space opticalcommunications network of FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 5 is an example of an implementation for hitless transmission overa free space optical communications network or system in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6A-6C (collectively FIG. 6) are an example of a method ofoperation for hitless transmission of the free space opticalcommunications network of FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 is an example of a method of operation of a link controller forhitless transmission during communications link changes in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description of embodiments refers to theaccompanying drawings, which illustrate specific embodiments of thedisclosure. Other embodiments having different structures and operationsdo not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. Like referencenumerals may refer to the same element or component in the differentdrawings.

FIG. 1 is a block schematic diagram of an example of a variable speedlambda network 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The variable speed lambda network 100 may include one ormore provider optical add-drop multiplexers (ADM) 102 and one or morecustomer optical ADMs 104. A plurality of variable speed wavelengthdivision multiplexing (WDM) lambdas 103 may provide opticalcommunications between each of the provider optical ADMs 102 and thecustomer optical ADMs 104. A customer optical ring 106 may be coupled toeach customer optical ADM 104. End users or customers 108 a-108 c may becoupled to the variable speed lambda network 100 by the customer opticalring 106.

A link controller 110 or other device may be provided and may beconfigured to perform bandwidth optimization and admission controlwithin the variable speed lambda network 100 or system. Accordingly, thevariable speed lambda network 100 may be configured to allow a customer108 to purchase and utilize lambda bandwidth on a “pay as you grow”basis. For example, the customer 108 a may initially start with λ₁ whichmay run at 10 Gbps. After a period of time, the customer 108 a maydecide to increase bandwidth to 13 Gbps to support traffic growth in hisown network. The customer 108 a would initially connect to the variablespeed lambda network 100 using equipment capable of supporting the upperbound of his desired or anticipated speed range (e.g. 40 Gbps or 100Gbps). However, the customer 108 a would pay for only the speed that heis currently using (e.g. 13 Gbps). The speed would be controlled orthrottled in the variable speed lambda network 100 by the linkcontroller 110. The link controller 110 may be a processor or othercomputer device configured to perform the functions and operationsdescribed herein.

Referring also to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 is an example of a method 200 foradmission control and bandwidth optimization in a variable speed lambdanetwork in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Themethod 200 may be embodied in and performed by the link controller 110in FIG. 1. In block 202, the link controller, which may also be referredto as an admission controller, may be initiated in response to receivinga new request from a customer. The new request may either be a requestfor a new lambda or a request for a change in speed of an existinglambda. In block 204, the new request that is received is a request fromthe customer for admission of a new lambda to the variable speed WDMlambda network. Alternatively, in block 206, the new request is a speedchange request or speed modification request for an existing variablespeed WDM lambda.

In block 208, an active topology map of the variable speed lambdanetwork may be retrieved from a database associated with the linkcontroller 110 or network 100. The active topology map of the variablespeed lambda network may include a representation of each of the currentvariable speed lambdas that form the network, the lambda speed or linkbandwidth parameter (gigabits per second) associated with each lambdaand any other parameters associated with each lambda for admissioncontrol of new lambdas and bandwidth optimization of the variable speedlambdas in the network as described herein. The active topology map ofthe variable speed lambda network may be similar to the exemplaryvariable speed lambda network illustrated in FIG. 1.

In block 210, a multi-commodity network flow optimization based on theactive topology map of the variable speed lambda network may beexecuted. Network flow models, such as multi-commodity network flowoptimization and constraint based routing algorithms, are used fortraffic engineering of communications networks and can assist indetermining routing decisions. Multi-commodity network flow optimizationconsiders multiple demand pairs with positive demand volumes (i.e. usertraffic) and supports a series of objective functions to achievedifferent goals (e.g. minimum cost routing, average delay, etc.). Asdemand volumes dynamically change (e.g. new service requests, re-routedue to weather, etc.), inputs and network constraints are modified todetermine routing decisions to achieve the desired goal.

The multi-commodity network flow optimization may use one of severalconstraint-based optimization formulations. Examples of constraint-basedoptimization formulation or techniques that may be used may include butis not necessarily limited to shortest path-based routing flow (seebelow for formula) which is a minimum cost routing case; average delayoptimization which minimizes average packet delay; link utilizationoptimization which minimizes link utilization; Equivalent capacity (seebelow for formula) which increases network resource utilization whilesustaining an acceptable quality of service.

An example of a formulation for minimum cost routing with non-splittablemulti-commodity flow is as follows:

${{minimize}_{\{ u\}}F} = {\sum_{k = 1}^{K}{\sum_{p = 1}^{P_{k}}{\xi_{kp}h_{k}u_{kp}}}}$${{{subject}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{P_{k}}u_{kp}}} = 1},{k = 1},2,\ldots \mspace{14mu},K$${{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{K}{\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{P_{k}}{\delta_{kpl}h_{k}u_{kp}}}} \leq c_{l}},{l = 1},2,\ldots \mspace{14mu},L$u_(kp) = 0  or  1, p = 1, 2  …  , p_(k) k = 1, 2  …  , K

Where K is the number of demand pairs with positive demand volume; L isthe number of links; h_(k) is the demand volume of demand identifierk=1, 2, . . . , K; c_(l) is the capacity of link t=1, 2, . . . , L;P_(k) is the number of candidate paths for demand k, k=1, 2, . . . , K;δ_(kpl) is the link path indicator which is set to 1 if path p fordemand pair k uses the link 1, 0 otherwise; δ_(kp) is the nonnegativeunit cost of flow on path p for demand k; and u_(kp) is the binarydecision to choose a path, where p=path and k=demand pair.

An example of an equivalent capacity algorithm may include an admissioncontroller algorithm and customer demand calculation to reservebandwidth to keep the loss bounded by a specified probability such thatloss occurs when the number of active sources, k, transmitting at R bpsis such that k*R>C, where C is the allocated capacity. This exampleassumes an ON/OFF traffic model. For N customers, the probability that kcustomers are active is given by a binomial distribution, where P_(on)is the probability the customer is active:

${{Binominal}\mspace{14mu} {Distribution}} = {{P\left( {X = k} \right)} = {\begin{pmatrix}N \\k\end{pmatrix}{P_{on}^{k}\left( {1 - P_{on}} \right)}^{N - k}}}$

For peak bandwidth allocation, k*R bps would be required to support kcustomers. Loss would occur if k+1 customers were transmitting and k*Rbps capacity is available. Peak bandwidth allocation clearly does nottake advantage of statistical multiplexing by exploiting the OFF periodof a customer. Quality of Service (QoS) can be defined in terms of theprobability of exceeding the available capacity, which must be less thansome defined P_(loss) value as follows:

QoS Probability=P(k*R>C)<P _(loss) or P _(looss) =Pr(X>k)

In other words, the probability of k*R being greater than the allocatedcapacity must be less than some defined P_(loss) value, which is thesame as saying P_(loss) is equal to the probability of k+1 activecustomers.

Referring back to FIG. 2, in block 212, a determination may be madewhether the new variable speed lambda is to be admitted or the speed ofthe existing lambda changed based on the multi-commodity network flowoptimization. For example, the new lambda may not be admitted or grantedif there is no capacity for another lambda or the requested speed isunavailable for some reason.

If the new variable speed lambda is not admitted or the speed change isnot permitted, the method 200 may advance to block 214. In block 214,the customer may be notified that the new lambda request or speed changerequest was not admitted or granted. The customer may also be notifiedof the reason for the request not being granted. The customer may alsobe notified of acceptable parameters in the event the customer may wantto reapply. For example, the customer may have requested a speedincrease from 10 Gbps to 20 Gbps; however, the variable speed lambdanetwork may only be able to support an increase to 13 Gbps.

If the request for the new variable speed lambda or speed change isadmitted or granted in block 212, the method 200 may advance to block216. In block 216, network elements to support the request for the newvariable speed WDM lambda or lambda speed change may be configured basedon the multi-commodity network flow optimization. The network elementsmay include the provider optical ADM 102 in FIG. 1, customer optical ADM104, the variable WDM lambda circuit 103 of the customer and anycomponents of these elements that may need to be configured for the newWDM lambda or increase in lambda speed.

In block 218, the link bandwidth parameter associated with the lambda ofthe customer may be updated in the network topology graph. In block 220,the customer may be notified that the new request has been granted andprovisioned. The method 200 may end at termination 222.

FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of an example of a free spaceoptical communications network 300 including a system 302 for hitlesstransmission in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.The network 300 may include a multiplicity of optical communicationsrelay platforms 304 that each move relative to earth and above a surfaceof the earth. Each optical communications relay platform 304 may includea relay link 306 or cross-link for communications between adjacentoptical communications relay platforms 304.

The network 300 may also include a plurality of ground stations 308 atdifferent locations on the surface of the earth. Each ground station 308may be configured to communicate with another of the ground stations 308through at least one of the multiplicity of optical communications relayplatforms 304 or simply relay platforms 304. Each ground station 308 mayinclude an optical communications link 310 or links for opticalcommunications with the relay platforms 304. The optical communicationslink 310 may be established by a laser communications device in theground station 308. The optical communications link 310 may also bereferred to as a lasercom link, lasercom uplink or lasercom up/downlink. The optical communications link 310 of each ground station 308 maybe configured for handover connections between successive opticalcommunications relay platforms 304 as the relay platforms 304 moverelative to the earth and come into view of the ground station 308 abovethe horizon of the earth. One or more provider optical ADMs 102 may becoupled to each ground station 308.

The ground stations 308 may be configured to form an optical ring 311 oroptical rings. The ground stations 308 that form the optical ring 311may communicate with one another via the optical ring 311.Communications between the ground stations 308 within an optical ringmay utilize WDM. Two optical rings 311 running WDM are shown in theexemplary optical communications network 300 in FIG. 3.

Each ground station 308 may be capable of establishing opticalcommunication links or lasercom uplinks 310 to one or more the opticalcommunications relay platforms 304 which may be lasercom relay platformsmoving relative to the earth. The optical communications relay platforms304 may be airborne, for example unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) orspace borne, for example low earth orbit (LEO) satellite or medium earthorbit (MEO) satellites. In an exemplary embodiment were the opticalcommunications relay platforms 304 are LEO or MEO satellites, eachground station 308 may include an optical switch 312 such as areconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer (ROADM), a router 314, oneor more external sensors 316, such as all sky weather cameras, andlasercom uplink equipment 310. Multiple lasercom uplinks 310 may resideat each ground station 308 to facilitate make-before-break opticalcommunication connections for handover. An individual ground station 308is capable of making a connection with a next or successive opticalcommunications relay platform 304 in the orbiting constellation of relayplatforms 304 as the next or new relay platform 304 comes over thehorizon and into view of the ground station 308. The connection to aprevious relay platform 304 is maintained with the moving relayconstellation and is subsequently broken after the new opticalcommunications connection to the next or successive opticalcommunication relay platform 308.

Lasercom links 310 are sensitive to weather patterns. If a weatherpattern interferes with transmission from one ground node or groundstation 308, the system 302 is capable of making a connection from adifferent ground station 308 at a physically diverse location. Thelasercom uplink 310 from the previous ground station 308 may be brokenafter the new lasercom uplink connection from the different groundstation 308 to the relay platform 304 is made. The solid lines, uplinklink 305, cross-link 306 and uplink 307 represent an active opticalcommunication links in FIG. 3. Broken or dashed lines, uplink 309 anduplink 319 represent a make-before-break communications link. The switchin communications links may be because of a weather pattern 313 or otherdegradation or obstruction of the optical transmission path.

All link changes are coordinated by a link controller 318. The linkcontroller 318 may be configured to control switching or changes of theoptical communications links or lasercom uplinks 310 and relay links orcross-links 306 for hitless transmission of communication signals asdescribed herein. The link controller 318 and forming the make-befirebreak optical communication links may define the system 302 for hitlessoptical communications as described herein. The link controller 318 maybe running at an operations center 402, with out-of-band connectivity toall devices in the network 300 as shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of an example of an out-of-bandmanagement network 400 that may be associated with the free spaceoptical communications network 300 of FIG. 3 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure. Ground stations 308 may beaccessible to the operations center 402 via the out-of-band network 400that is separate from the network that carries end user or customercommunications traffic. The operations center 402 may include the linkcontroller 318, a network event database 404, a correlation engine 406,and a network performance management system 408. Operation of thesecomponents and other components of the system 300 in coordination withone another for hitless communications will be described in more detailwith reference to FIGS. 6A-6C.

The link controller 318 may be for example a software defined networkingplatform such as Floodlight controller operating on a processor orcomputing device. Floodlight is open source software for buildingsoftware-defined networks. Floodlight is a trademark of Big SwitchNetworks. Inc. in the United States other countries or both.

The event database 404 may be a commercial platform such as IBM TivoliOmnibus or similar database. The correlation engine 406 may be acommercial platform such as IBM Impact or other system. The performancemanager 408 may be a commercial platform such as IBM Tivoli NetworkPerformance Manager or the like. The operations center may beinstantiated at a single site, or at multiple sites. IBM, TivoliOmnibus, IBM Impact and Tivoli Network Performance Manager aretrademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the UnitesStates, other countries or both.

FIG. 5 is an example of an implementation for hitless transmission overa free space optical communications network or system 500 in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure. The network or system 500may be the same as the network 300 and system 302 in FIG. 3. Theexemplary network or system 500 includes a constellation consisting ofsix MEO satellites 502 a-502 f moving with respect to the earth'ssurface. The satellites 502 a-502 f provide lasercom links 504-514 toconnect terrestrial WDM rings 516 a-516 f. Each ring 516 a-516 f mayinclude a plurality of ground stations 518. The solid lines 504 a-504 b,506 a-506 c and 508 a-508 c represent currently active optical links orconnections. The dashed or broken lines 510 a-510 b, 512 a-512 c and 514a-514 c represent make-before-break optical links or handoverconnections. The connection between rings 516 a and 516 b is serviced bya single satellite 502 f. For example, this might be a link connectingphysically diverse rings in a single continent such as Australia. Theconnections between rings 516 c-516 d and rings 516 e-516 f spanmultiple satellites 502, traversing satellite cross links 506 b and 508b. The handover links 510 a-510 b, 512 a-512 c and 514 a-514 c may beestablished to the same ground stations 518 as their preceding links 504a-504 b, 506 a-506 c and 508 a-508 c, respectively, as in the case ofthe connection between rings 516 e and 516 f. Alternatively the handoverlinks may be established using different ground stations than theirpreceding links, as shown for the connections between rings 516 a and516 b and rings 516 c and 516 d. Handover links may connect to differentground stations than their preceding links in response to weatherpatterns or other changing conditions.

FIGS. 6A-6C (collectively FIG. 6) are an example of a method 600 ofoperation for hitless transmission of a free space opticalcommunications network in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. The exemplary method 600 may be performed by components orelements of the network 300 and system 302 in FIG. 3 and components orelements of the network operations center 402 in FIG. 4. The method 600is explained as being performed by the components of the network 300 andsystem 302 and network operations center 402, although the invention isnot intended to be limited by the particular exemplary architecturedescribed and other configurations may be possible in carrying out thefunctions and operations described. The method 600 depicted in FIGS.6A-6C is divided into functions and operations that may be performed bythe different components or elements of the network 300 and system 302.Accordingly, FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate functions and operations that may beperformed by external sensors 316 in FIG. 3, optical network devices,such as components of the ground stations 308, the performance manger408, the event database 404 and correlation engine 406 in FIG. 4, ahuman operator in FIG. 4, the link controller 318, lasercom relayplatform 304 and router 314 in FIG. 3.

In block 602, an external sensor 316, such as an all sky camera, maydetect optical link-impacting weather conditions. In block 606, anotification may be sent by the external sensor 316 to the eventdatabase 404. In block 620, the notification may be inserted or storedin the database 404.

In block 608, an optical network device, such as ground station 308, maydetect degradation, such as reduced signal-to-noise ratio or increasedbit error rate, on a lasercom uplink 310 associated with the opticalnetwork device 308. In block 612, a link quality change notification maybe sent to the event database 404 by the optical network device 308 inresponse to detecting the change in the quality of the lasercom linkthat exceeds a predetermined threshold value. The link quality changemay be inserted or stored in the event database 404 in block 620.

In blocks 614 and 616, the performance manger 408 may poll systemparameters at regular intervals to detect whether key performanceindicators of interest such as bit error rate, packet loss, jitter,received signal strength, and/or latency may have exceeded a thresholdvalue. A threshold violation may be sent to the event database 404 inresponse to detection of a performance indicator exceeding a thresholdvalue in block 618. Accordingly, in block 614, the performance manager408 may poll the optical network device 308 at regular intervals foroperating parameters and in block 610 a response to the poll may bereturned to the performance manager 408.

In block 616, the performance manager 408 may poll external sensors 316at regular intervals to detect any changes in weather conditions. Inblock 604, the external sensors 316 may respond to the poll.

In block 618, a determination may be made if any of the parameters, suchas those listed above, from the polling have exceeded a predeterminedthreshold value. A threshold notification may be generated and sent tothe event database 404 in response to a parameter exceeding itsthreshold value.

In block 622, event processing may analyze the environmental changeinformation received from the external sensors 316, link quality changeparameters or information from the optical network device 308 andthreshold notification information from the performance manager 408.

In block 624, the correlation engine may determine if there are anycorrelation policy matches based on the parameters and informationprocessed in block 622. The method 600 may advance to block 632 (FIG.6B) in response to any correlation matches indicating a change in linkconditions, weather conditions or other changes that may warrant aswitch or change in optical communications links, ground stations orrelay platforms. In block 632, a link decision process may be initiatedby the link controller 318. An example of a method of operation of alink controller to determine link changes for hitless communicationswill be described with reference to FIG. 7.

In FIG. 6B, a human operator 633 may also initiate the link decisionprocess 630 in response to external data such as weather reports inblock 626 or maintenance schedules in block 628, or the process may bescheduled to run at regular intervals if the process is not started byeither the event correlation process in blocks 622 and 624 or a humanoperator 633 within a certain interval.

In block 634 in FIG. 6C, if the link decision process by the linkcontroller 318 determines that a link change is required, the linkcontroller 318 may establish a new circuit or optical link in theoptical network device 308 in block 636 and the lasercom relay platform304 in block 638.

In block 640, a determination may be made by the link controller 318 ifa ground station or node change is needed. If so, a new ground stationor node circuit may be established by the link controller 318 in theoptical network device 308 in block 642 and the lasercom relay platform304 in block 644.

In block 646, a determination may be made whether there has been a relayplatform change, ground station change or link change. If so, in block650, the link controller 318 inserts forwarding table entries in therouter 314 to direct traffic to the new circuit or link, and then tearsdown the old circuit or link in block 648. The link controller 318updates the forwarding tables, block 650, on the router 314 to sendpackets over the newly established circuit, achieving hitlesstransmission of packets and any circuit emulation or pseudowire trafficthe packets may be carrying.

Assuming the system 500 in FIG. 5, these circuit updates could beimplemented for example as new satellites come into view above thehorizon. This approach can be extended to other dynamic lasercom relayplatform systems, such as UAVs and LEO satellites among others.

FIG. 7 is an example of a method 700 of operation of a link controllerfor hitless transmission during communications link changes inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 700may be used for or as part of the link decision process in block 632 ofFIG. 6B. In block 702, the link decision process may be initiated. Inblock 704, a constellation handover configuration of the opticalcommunications relay platforms may be retrieved from a database, such asevent database 404 in FIG. 4 or another database associated with thesystem or network. The constellation handover configuration may includea current set of possible optical communications links between theground stations and optical communications relay platforms or satellitesand performance metrics associated with the links. Certain links may bepreferred based on their associated performance metrics. Examples ofperformance metrics may include but are not necessarily limited to biterror rate, packet loss, jitter, received signal strength, totalbandwidth, available bandwidth, and/or latency.

In block 706, a determination may be made whether there are remaininghandovers to determine. If there are remaining handovers to bedetermined, the method 700 may advance to block 708. In block 708, for aparticular optical communications relay platform, such as relay platformM, a current optimal ground station for optical communications withrelay platform M may be determined. The current optimal ground stationmay be determined based on a combination of factors, such as for examplecurrent weather, terrestrial transport cost, traffic flow optimization,maintenance schedules and any other information that may be useful inselecting an optimal ground station for communications with the relayplatform M.

In block 710, a new optimal communications link, uplink or up/down linkbetween the ground station and the optical communications relay platformM may be determined. Optimal links may be selected based on one or acombination of several factors including weather and link parameters.

In block 712, any new optimal optical cross-connect changes to beimplemented on relay platform M may be determined based on one or acombination of several factors including lasercom relay platformconstellation configuration, available bandwidth and ground stationavailability.

In block 714, the relay platform index M is incremented and the method700 returns to block 706. If there is another relay platform forhandover processing, the loop of blocks 708-714 may be repeated. Ifthere are no other relay platforms for handover processing, the method700 may advance to block 716.

In block 716, a determination may be made if there are remaining groundstations for which handover may need to be processed or determined. Ifthere are remaining ground stations for determining handover, the method700 may advance to block 718. In block 718, for a particular groundstation, such as ground station N, identified in the loop for relayplatform M as being associated with relay platform M, a particularhandover lasercom head of ground station N may be identified based on avariety of factors such as weather and offered traffic load.

In block 720, any optical cross-connect changes necessary to implementthe selected uplink and/or cross links may be determined andimplemented. In block 722, routing table updates that may be needed toactualize the new handover circuit in the ground station N may bedetermined and entered. Accordingly, the routing table may be updated toreroute via the new handover circuit.

In block 724, the ground station index N may be incremented and themethod 700 may return to block 716. If there is another ground stationfor handover processing, the method 700 may loop back through the blocks718-724. If there are no other ground stations for handover processing,the method 700 may advance to block 726. In block 726, the constellationtopology database is updated with the new optical communications linkand cross-link (relay link) or link circuits between the ground stationN and relay platform M and between relay platform M and a next orsuccessive relay platform M+1. The constellation topology database isseparate from the handover configuration. The constellation topologydatabase includes the actual set of network links constituting thetopology of the system. The method 700 may end at termination 728.

The exemplary method 700 may determine the optimal ground station uplinkto be implemented the next time a relay platform comes into view overthe horizon. The method 700 may also be extended for use when a groundstation optical communications link or uplink to the same relay platformneeds to be changed in near real time in response to weather and/orother network traffic conditions. Additionally, as an alternative toestablishing a complete end-to-end circuit prior to handover,communications traffic may be buffered at one or more ground stationsuntil the circuit path change is complete.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of embodiments ofthe invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the”are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that theterms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to embodiments of the invention in the form disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of embodiments ofthe invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to bestexplain the principles of embodiments of the invention and the practicalapplication, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art tounderstand embodiments of the invention for various embodiments withvarious modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and describedherein, those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that anyarrangement which is calculated to achieve the same purpose may besubstituted for the specific embodiments shown and that embodiments ofthe invention have other applications in other environments. Thisapplication is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of thepresent invention. The following claims are in no way intended to limitthe scope of embodiments of the invention to the specific embodimentsdescribed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for optical communications, comprising:a multiplicity of optical communications relay platforms that each moverelative to earth and above a surface of the earth, each opticalcommunications relay platform comprising a relay link for communicationsbetween adjacent optical communications relay platforms; a plurality ofground stations at different locations on the surface of the earth,wherein each ground station is configured to communicate with another ofthe ground stations through at least one of the multiplicity of opticalcommunications relay platforms, each ground station comprising anoptical communications link for optical communications with successiveoptical communications relay platforms, the optical communications linkof each ground station being configured for handover connections betweenthe successive optical communications relay platforms as the opticalcommunications relay platforms move relative to the earth; and a networkoperations center comprising a link controller, the link controllerbeing configured to control switching of the optical communicationslinks and relay links for hitless transmission of communication signals.2. The system of claim 1, wherein controlling switching by the linkcontroller for hitless transmission of communications signals betweenthe ground stations comprises: implementation of the opticalcommunications link of each ground station and the handover connectionbetween the ground stations and the successive optical communicationsrelay platforms; and implementation of the relay link between successiveoptical communications relay platforms, the link controller switchingbetween the optical communications links and the relay links in responseto movement of the optical communications relay platforms relative tothe earth and degradation of the optical communication link caused by atleast one factor, the at least one factor comprising weather.
 3. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein the handover connection from the groundstations between successive optical communication relay platformscomprises a make before break connection.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein each of the multiplicity of optical communications relayplatforms comprises a laser communications relay platform.
 5. The systemof claim 1, wherein each of the multiplicity of optical communicationsrelay platforms comprises one of a low earth orbit satellite, a mediumearth orbit satellite and an unmanned aerial vehicle.
 6. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a variable speed lambda network comprising aplurality of variable speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)lambdas, wherein the link controller is further configured to controlfunctions comprising: admission of a variable speed WDM lambda to thevariable speed lambda network; modification of a speed of a particularvariable speed WDM lambda; and optimization of bandwidth of the variablespeed WDM lambdas.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the variable speedlambda network further comprises: a provider optical add-dropmultiplexer (ADM); a customer optical ADM, wherein the plurality ofvariable speed WDM lambdas provide communications between the provideroptical ADM and the customer optical ADM; and a customer optical ringcoupled to the customer optical ADM.
 8. The system of claim 6, whereinthe link controller comprises an algorithm configured to perform amethod comprising: receiving a new request from a customer, the newrequest comprising one of a request for a new variable speed WDM lambdaor a speed change request for an existing variable speed WDM lambda;retrieving an active topology map of the variable speed lambda networkfrom a database; executing a multi-commodity network flow optimizationbased on the active topology map of the variable speed lambda network;configuring network elements to support the new request in response tothe new request being admitted based on the multi-commodity network flowoptimization, the network elements comprising a provider optical ADM andthe plurality of variable WDM lambdas; updating bandwidth parameters ofa link of the network topology graph associated with the customer; andnotifying the customer that the new request has been granted andprovisioned.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical communicationlink comprises a laser communications uplink and each ground stationfurther comprises: an optical switch for sending and receiving opticalsignals from the laser communications uplink; a router for sending andreceiving the optical signals from the optical switch; and a sensor fordetecting an environmental change, wherein the optical communicationlink is handed over to a next optical communications relay platform inresponse to the environmental change degrading communications betweenthe ground station and a current optical communications relay platformbelow a predetermined link quality threshold.
 10. The system of claim 1,wherein the network operations center further comprises: a networkperformance manager polling at least the plurality of ground stationsfor a change in quality of the optical communications link, and to pollat least one external sensor associated with each ground station for anenvironmental change, and the network performance manager furthergenerating a threshold notification in response to at least one of thechange in quality of the optical communications link exceeding a linkquality threshold and the environmental change exceeding anenvironmental threshold; a database configured to receive anenvironmental change notification from the at least one external sensorin response to the environmental change, and to receive a link qualitychange notification from a particular ground station in response to thechange in link quality of the optical communications link associatedwith the particular ground station, and to receive a notification inresponse to the network performance manager generating the thresholdnotification; and a correlation engine associated with the database, thecorrelation engine transmitting a signal to the link controller toinitiate a link decision process for switching at least one of theoptical communications links and the relay links in response to acorrelation policy match based on at least one of the change in qualityof the communications link, the environmental change and the thresholdnotification.
 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising anout-of-band management network for communications between the networkoperations center and the ground stations.
 12. A system for opticalcommunications, comprising: a variable speed lambda network, thevariable speed lambda network comprising: a provider optical add-dropmultiplexer (ADM); a customer optical ADM; a plurality of variable speedwavelength division multiplexing (WDM) lambdas, wherein the plurality ofvariable speed WDM lambdas provide communications between the provideroptical ADM and the customer optical ADM; and a link controller, whereinthe link controller is configured to control functions comprising:admission of a variable speed WDM lambda to the variable speed lambdanetwork; modification of a speed of a particular variable speed WDMlambda; and optimization of bandwidth of the variable speed WDM lambdas.13. The system of claim 12, wherein the link controller comprises analgorithm configured to perform a method comprising: receiving a newrequest from a customer, the new request comprising one of a request fora new variable speed WDM lambda or a speed change request for anexisting variable speed WDM lambda; retrieving an active topology map ofthe variable speed lambda network from a database; executing amulti-commodity network flow optimization based on the active topologymap of the variable speed lambda network; configuring network elementsto support the new request in response to the new request being admittedbased on the multi-commodity network flow optimization, the networkelements comprising a provider optical ADM, a customer optical ADM andthe plurality of variable WDM lambdas; updating bandwidth parameters ofa link of the network topology graph associated with the customer; andnotifying the customer that the new request has been granted andprovisioned.
 14. The system of claim 12, further comprising: amultiplicity of optical communications relay platforms that each moverelative to earth and above a surface of the earth, each opticalcommunications relay platform comprising a relay link for communicationsbetween adjacent optical communications relay platforms; a plurality ofground stations at different locations on the surface of the earth,wherein each ground station is configured to communicate with another ofthe ground stations through at least one of the multiplicity of opticalcommunications relay platforms, each ground station comprising anoptical communications link for optical communications with successiveoptical communications relay platforms, the optical communications linkof each ground station being configured for handover connections betweenthe successive optical communications relay platforms as the opticalcommunications relay platforms move relative to the earth; and a networkoperations center comprising the link controller, the link controllerbeing further configured to control switching of the opticalcommunications links and relay links for hitless transmission ofcommunication signals.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein controllingswitching by the link controller for hitless transmission ofcommunications signals between the ground stations comprises:implementation of the optical communications link of each ground stationand the handover connection between the ground station and thesuccessive optical communications relay platforms, and implementation ofthe relay link between the successive optical communications relayplatforms, the link controller switching between the opticalcommunications links and the relay links in response to movement of theoptical communications relay platforms relative to the earth anddegradation of the optical communication link.
 16. The system of claim14, wherein the optical communication link comprises a lasercommunications uplink and each ground station further comprises: anoptical switch for sending and receiving optical signals from the lasercommunications uplink; a router for sending and receiving the opticalsignals from the optical switch; and a sensor for detecting anenvironmental change, wherein the optical communication link is handedover to a next optical communications relay platform in response to theenvironmental change degrading communications between the ground stationand a current optical communications relay platform below apredetermined link quality threshold.
 17. The system of claim 14,wherein the network operations center further comprises: a networkperformance manager polling at least the plurality of ground stationsfor a change in quality of the optical communications link, and pollingat least one external sensor associated with each ground station for anenvironmental change, and the network performance manager furthergenerating a threshold notification in response to at least one of thechange in quality of the optical communications link exceeding a linkquality threshold and the environmental change exceeding anenvironmental threshold; a database configured to receive anenvironmental change notification from the at least one external sensorin response to the environmental change, and to receive a link qualitychange notification from a particular ground station in response to thechange in link quality of the optical communications link associatedwith the particular ground station, and to receive a thresholdnotification in response to the network performance manager generatingthe threshold notification; a correlation engine associated with thedatabase, the correlation engine being configured to transmit a signalto the link controller to initiate a link decision process for switchingat least one of the optical communications links and the relay links inresponse to a correlation policy match based on at least one of thechange in quality of the communications link, the environmental changeand the threshold notification.
 18. A method for admission control andbandwidth optimization in a variable speed lambda network, comprising:receiving, by a processor, a new request from a customer, the newrequest comprising one of a request for a new variable speed WDM lambdaor a speed change request for an existing variable speed WDM lambda;retrieving, by the processor, an active topology map of the variablespeed lambda network from a database; executing, by the processor, amulti-commodity network flow optimization based on the active topologymap of the variable speed lambda network; configuring, by the processor,network elements to support the new request in response to the newrequest being admitted based on the multi-commodity network flowoptimization, the network elements comprising a provider optical ADM, acustomer optical ADM and the plurality of variable WDM lambdas;updating, by the processor, bandwidth parameters of a link of thenetwork topology graph associated with the customer; and notifying, bythe processor, the customer that the new request has been granted andprovisioned.
 19. A method for dynamically changing free space opticalcommunication links for hitless transmission, the method comprising:polling at least a ground station for a change in quality of an opticalcommunications link from the ground station to an optical communicationsrelay platform; transmitting a link quality change notification from aground station to a database in response to the change in quality of theoptical communications link; polling at least one external sensorassociated with the ground station for an environmental change;transmitting an environmental change notification from the at least oneexternal sensor to the database in response to the environmental change;generating a notification in response to at least one of the change inquality of the optical communications link exceeding a link qualitythreshold and the environmental change exceeding an environmental changethreshold; transmitting the threshold notification to the database; andswitching at least one of the optical communications link and a relaylink between the optical communications relay platform and a successiveoptical communications relay platform in response to at least one of thechange in quality of the communications link, the environmental changeand the threshold notification.
 20. The method of claim 19, furthercomprising: determining a correlation policy match based on at least oneof the change in quality of the communications link, the environmentalchange and the threshold notification; and transmitting a signal toinitiate a link decision process for switching the at least one of theoptical communications link and the relay link in response to thecorrelation policy being matched.